Photocurable ionized vinylimidazole liquid salt for antibacterial application

Presenter Status

Undergraduate, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry

Second Presenter Status

Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry

Third Presenter Status

Department Chair, Department of Biology

Preferred Session

Poster Session

Location

Berrien Springs, MI

Start Date

20-10-2023 2:00 PM

End Date

20-10-2023 3:00 PM

Presentation Abstract

There has been an increasing demand for antibacterial dental composite as it can prevent the biofilm formation and the adhesion of bacteria after the treatment causing the consequential cavities. Previous study explored the antibacterial activity of the heterogenous mixture of heterocyclic polymer and resin. It showed limitations as the mixture did not show antibacterial activity since the mixture could only contain a small amount of heterocyclic polymer within the resin due to its inconvenience of shaping and low miscibility. To overcome this limitation, this research focused on synthesizing heterocyclic antibacterial monomer liquid salt and curing it with UV light to potentially serve as an antibacterial dental composite.

Vinylimidazole, iodoalkane, and ethyl acetate is used to synthesize vinylimidazole salt. It produced two liquid layers with a clear yellow bottom layer which was extracted and dried. The product was a yellow liquid ionized salt. For curing the ionized salt, the product was stirred with tetra (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (TEGDA) and 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone. The liquid was exposed to UV light and was polymerized.

To test the antibacterial activity, the ionized salt was tested with a disk diffusion test. The bacteria chosen for testing was Streptococcus Mutans (S. Mutans). Antibiotics (ampicillin), vinylimidazolium salt, vinylimidazole, and TEGDA were tested. The zone of inhibition was measured after incubation. It showed a zone of inhibition for ampicillin, vinylimidazolium salt, and TEGDA. However, the starting material, vinylimidazole, did not show any zone of inhibition. It was clearly shown that vinylimidazolium salt and TEGDA had produced a zone of inhibition resulting in the presence of antibacterial activity against S. mutans.

Acknowledgments

1.Shadmon, H.; Basu, A.; Eckhard, L. H.; Domb, A. J.; Beyth, N. Synthesis, Characterization and AntibacterialActivity of Heterocyclic Quaternary Ammonium Polymers. New Journal of Chemistry 2018, 42 (18), 15427– 15435. DOI:10.1039/c8nj03392g. 2.Fan, Y. Synthesis and Characterization of Ionic Liquid Monomers and Polymers Derived from 2-substituted-1,3-dialkyl-4(5)-vinylimidazolium salts Masters. Thesis, Rochester Institute of Technology, N.Y, 2012. 3.Park, S. K.; Park, B. J.; Shin, E. J.; Choi, M.; Park, S.; Shin, H. C. A Homogenous, Photocrosslinkable Poly(Dimethylsiloxane‐co‐methylvinylsiloxane) Solution in an Acrylate Monomer. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 2022, 308 (1). DOI:10.1002/mame.202200509.

Images

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Xe0nzeFT2InnLk1Us/l47nPsADCL2TclbSH675lHsr9VSfrY04d+nDG+QaB2AxzuBkDD9nFVhbzSS0GLmNxnacj1OpbvOZgDjZlzOBA3NAn0/jcCHtuR85Any+4xD1gHCGgxuZzEa33TuSscapNObOBGQibAbPcnrjtMTpPnPiSMbwr7sDX/2inFy/c0xNdkDceBwtY9vzyJWZq+P5nd4jxprTcSOTj77wORuwxDlDfl3KpAsgDqeOwIryjx34upx8Y5qtmko/k/296NhWJinkBBLK2OLMckSMC6QOIodDipxA+szl3Vczieq3u5EfkulkZIrEAcSexznYy4SsPLLnhC9nQl+JE7AKcGZ80BugmYPEmQZgOQ6bcQh8h+wAYjnsG9FVxCQ5cHg4JpwK49U7OKScRBP8/QCyleilPrwQMHjiSABEZG2eQHKeiUz19ZSJPbIm58tDFyPfK5nM4yBEluzM9egV8gsZgYBAUPgb4UO/XMAi0gxIRioAU8A/HZ5OGTeMlZSDvDDv0JGx2Bu6AbTpb/NMT1YjPs+cOtod+PpX3cHoxkD0BngfjI3x3DnExYGv6jtyUX+OuDbQU07njHfXhdyP05z7puOQAkkjF+ML5PNy3jVFX1NHoGTozOmyr6ePHi6wBfBxFDmpQBldpevl2Gd80FH65yIvY939gBICDYi/mT5FAN2JI6/v/A1gT7Lx0a3WF0dr7jHXIWYup24WBIDTkeguvSrQm3GFnEFEAt4D0YuT0TXj9lr6YCZ2Zcx4TVv0qzHIptU4jFy8815sAyKW/abbnPDqe/LgpKZs45jzzcEGDukTMqYfa9fzv7ZN5j59jLBaynxyM59lv4DaXPSBbXoUG/bjd+9jR1fKz7uhrukLY3YuIA2oN9YQSUcPftkd3v+rmo/YW/cintw3EUcfeVsANbJk/8uPyf+A9GD02dgwN7Jr5IbgWIuzibi7mueN14n0z7XIypidz5zBByF/ZdAF9lk/HM+YsfBBNkBOAyxtocncYe4djS4htXwiSthh5Cx7ZU40n5jn2W72X92AI4sp9N/fgMrdOPTsnfprD0JD/+sTOu1vIJZu8wn4TAhqeosMADD1I5sxHrvAZpq/2X2EyskjB+oaDcDQjzVPZuzWQk0u95Ilu+r97IRFOOOhAHraX6RJvgcM2ShgTFnuYVPNAQCgdxgvxgmAi/BBCiG83X89daRTwJj/a2wgGDOeyB7JPh39BewQrYAOW6ReykSUla38DNoBUWPRuxdvztYnoG88IirU35g3Dq7l+enYOGPanEqe5zL+9Jd3kiMd38k8sBUbjKQowiRlIm3q/QGjAPr12MmZifG8O/eMZ/7JmEBssfEA/tJ85typiSIDyAqJgEwBRJETyuJXmguLjEJipe+APkCWjWFPFtKmnfX71V7PsPHqgyRZTT0ebKzV/drdE2kA5WpkX/Yx7yJTf6ujdtfYj77oV7ar1Un78nvk4zuy21lfrT4EwJEt5iX1q/k593uejpJnEXS53NvX51J05nJkqs7ICfeV/uWeRmLMlg9sjnXPUnQCsb553wJOI0fuzF5PWeoY3zDtV4Zxwod7uL1Wvjrd87tyyYm8kUHepZ7qQh/4PuZGxEw/h9IV/pD26iPAf+LSaN4Te5k2P997VITJg8zVxvOV2AP1Afi10/hFmgDqwDzyBXGjLt7PZngXPUXuIPbWMs/3AN993v0ioPrV0716FmlE9rs7/NeN1p7I3oUoWk29muwvVF/4XT1fBpwD/jvxW/kSa5HFvbzjbnTIWEJQbKQexq/30yc6Q889g+DYiwws/CAL1OFFytxcXSnZa4/x6H4yoCfeT1e173mef5CyvQcB8ObF47Rpt3ucNjxMWQ9Td98jTRASP337ofvxmw/ds0c73WrVM3KLDvi0OLOYcb6Zch+nTq+1LfetI5ujN/diM+7HDt9Nn+pP7UQ+VPtS3434tfTJ55MHm9Wu7ehEIyiWqn3Ij638rX67W2tFnLj/i/vLtwpwFykByGdCAMqnsOYLNwJ6b8dgZXINcJtDTIxdiLN2uEAmAM1IT1+NQb18IdfFuoCei+dOlBG9lIEvsmA0k8TlgMOxIQ7rmRjisQzsazFwVj8DYD8TBOfiBB07+FV3+vih5lSnTtj8WmWLgefk9O9UhggLYEX9gd9yZjNB1UpL2sFxL2crZYuyMAEgD9yPELH6j+AAhNzDYLhHGQiGofMn87cV9ZGqt/97UHfNpMfxKCdatMTZAvQGj0nR+wHe6avD1UYRKlbLrRhb/TegtQXQXF26GWW8Hcd7LsCHI5AJNu8kb8TMudOH40AdzIR5NI7hkciHo3sgA24oyruUQYUpXk+Z18qBtIqO5MF+3crETMGwW2M1kZ9rhjFt5BQ00B5nNzIxYSMgyIS8G4AwqcShTbvIGlDetDqcgceonT56qNv3y//cnTya+sTJKTY11+20C2gGOk2+3tOv1rUVu1OR9aUiOa5H5hxD4IljhvwAlNvEzXENcE8/coYebt3vnu5ud+9fP8nA2y1gqxz19T7PISWA4B780y/97p4CyKm/lVYrz4AnIIM8mqZTqbd2IiaKJEq/XihiYn93ZN+XtfLLOFrdVCeyZJQ5TCIPOB0387x6bK+vdI9ivBlVfb5kdTUgWb0qAiD1AJzn0k6AnKEzWSK8RIpwxjgFVtaQGmTpk7NFT5WnbO+mk8AFQow8vB9R4xmGbivv0ndIitsZdwg7+toTIdXvsQWecx8Hmqz0gXdicr95/6p79azJHBGByOjHC9mKQFH3nvQQQaN+IhlmM9aQQk/2trvHu1u18sJR5HybsDjjzcltEUAIQBEHtQqyt1NEgbo0mTfwY9LhOFqZtJrzME44ADkX+XNSrfrr39WVvCt9LALgcibDkThvHD2T64unD2sVUJ9xxAGQ8fQ90CQK4/GjzSJDZqLb5LQacIGcMY7VBYhiZ6yKIhgW9HHa3VYcI8siK24XiXJtmkxEh8yWE2aFGEjjuFt1BeIHYzetmploTGxWTxvoiv0yuads9eXU02kryhwQjjcHgXMPpABggAmQwCnlfAHHF60SxS7oL+TnqWMHuoNf/6I78NW/dCcO7e+Gy6mM85qJiROifUf2f1l9ou63rl9L3WNvUw6HhiM5F+eD0zmVsYussSIuyoQjBjydDVhu0RoHuuMH95cjbWVPJMX52AQRJuvp6yd7D7vNOKUAOYcfaOYccmCMC6SQKAtkknZOxHkZGx4ssCOKQJ95l3Lp76OdtdJ/fasfdmI7XkR/nz95VPqE5LgV+d6KvKyqele/SsV5uBbH99yp4+Xo0z36wpHh2E9FNlaKjVn6u5yJmqNhzHJaOPwAD4fcSvGp2EllNcAbm5KxKsLjcu6/jYiKzKfSntk43Prc2DZHsEtnAxpFzEynTxdS5nj0GDmBqKBviAfRDOciSyTQ+dNt/iV7K/pW15FEgCVbWCu+xm3KmEr5dMRiA/tfpGTsP906dexgwOpXZZfNBeZX5Q4EkB/a9+vuZH4vgiP94+Ik02syMTY5T5woxBC9GIteIP6AUGMG0SHaojnrw6XHBazoRsAd0OV7TjOwRtcBQHLunXlOGWfSJ7mzm4gZ+iGiYzFgxPu9A5l3M22fTJvpC7CANDiV+dL8dT7v9Dy9No+ap84OHOvO5FN/jWYeqigggCr9eCJyECUgSmIiZYqoqOiq9A/iwHhHYAL1ohW0dzlzm8gy4I7d1EZ6MRyZmEvMs8Y5u882Ag8cP/ph9U+bRSDQm2HzeeRODzbWlppdiez1/4XIEIHCnj2K7f7+23fdy+cZXxtLFQmCnHCPCxHQkxPkcPrEobJtRfrH7hnXxqLoLREOVmLV05joPy9FX+jI/djb3Z2A5sga2DfHbsXhZAtGoqPssj7RN8YxvUB28Q366CyELILt+KF9RU7oe3pRICZ6pbxH2+slD9ER7mOnkBPIY3ZcWcA+X8Xlb3OFOceKpPl2OHPlcuYkBLk5VX9oD5/Boha/Dqiif/qn1w22SFvNVb5XN/YKuWilkA01RshFdCCC3+JG3xZRUXwndbmTvvOpv9nb3tYByspQrvkAGCQXttVCDDsEEAFVxgQ9Mv6MAT6L99AZYMancpAmNyIz9msxY6ZIhgAm5AV7xc8AovtIKMCniIk841l1Zh/pIEBl3AFTDwN2fO9d7JffkMm9/+J/UQPA/J1bsVeTDeDyHfqFH/YAqTg2eCHlXAvAe1jEByJiNnNRkVbRITqlzYiV0dw7dP5s2pzfJhtJqg3K9t3dgNc+GuHpowcBpZtFRlWb004+B/IUsWU+sjKtv4Fr8iU3EQfID+AQUFyK/TU3rt5diE91L/Wbz9VWsMnAZUW4AG10FEGxkDGMWEHIIWDoaf9OdUU+8Keb/WokpXcD2d6JiNEegJ2usAm9XpKXviVj/hNdUAfzF+Ctn9lGhJT5zZhRf33le+1ho5FE+phu8m2VjShRhqvIqdiEngihC8aR1Xl+Llkql9zoA5D/OIAUGeRdbLaxy5cUMQCoq4v2mhvZfLq2F7mZf/9j32l/RWnGZqojDOP9wPDjh9vd6xdP/qmDLSIm82Ta7TvkRQPwk+mv+BiIifhWxkCRvpGBvvPeP/7mh+6vf/hdPUcGZOZZfhjiAph/++JpAX4EC5lrE33ST8gJ44FekIPxRZfup3xgnx33Pr/53nv1QdO5O3k2vu7OZvpupUial08edu9ePg3WeVGRGe4vv5BORRbaRE9gJm03Xt6/fFbRC0gIkQoiZCryKXVZyj0by0vdg7X73da9lW49cn24eb+ICferJ2JiRf0yxtZyrSCh85zvkB47GQeLaa/vH6Xs3fhU69FdZIhxSVZIB9EPojQeRC4iNl7F59I2/yN4lOdCfBgvSAwk2PK875a6L/YeRAnmr2dCaODUgOGw3oxzsn7PyuZcDIgwpsF05JUo0plauUdOWBVn4Ecuni7QPBbwDlDbDnA5oNqkdiNKcjXKdDnGspETogsCdvM+kQhTAde2g5gUMKcnMskc/OoX3Ymj++PEnI6Tca6cH46SSQM4AIiE9C/exsjZztG2KJhcTXAXzp4o4At4+74GbCYqq0FWA4Bkda9wulwiNoA595toapDmfitJZ04JCbTK17Ym2E5xMs68rQrA0U2TcxSD4+6yEssZLrKnQL8VcUAzssk7RQmsRQmBOyC2J0tm48Bsri0GCK13D3fuBcRdz6QteoITdzqO0ok4N6nHxZN1XTgbp/70kZR9JgNjOgq4HGW+HyM5W5Pq6eMHa3IzaTL+nB2Oj0mvVs7yf61Oc9LybrLVfs/6nXzUqweZ5K6u7kWw1PaNDHrMINDEaSA3ZSJcgFrgwAXoMn7q0UDsUCbZTPKREbkr2wSBDLJNRhkVVRNgbXJHILWVin+PKAAEORXKriiC1EHZAEaB6yI3bpRjT/7a0eovyicOXsqxJcGK0pPd7QCilYBD4MYqbuqu3LwfaSL6ZyBOxfk4ZhdynY0jeyVlivogJ3VHZnivchFd1a4bEyWHewGm91diiCKzHigBHQgFdbD9QVuWFlokER1CjHivlW1jkmMITCJ/yMfqiv/JokiElOd/5AQyDwCxQtZHrtTKbuSBFOEYqxNiAulksiAr0Q62R2mLunHY3M+55tyLvtiOo+Vejpz7kFjIuRqfqRsd0If0SF3d536OqtVajqMogqePdwr4A0n6zITrPrrHQTaWkArPnz7q9h5t1+r2WiYnEw49Hoxu20Y1lAnt1NGDcfoOViTDp/evuvdvnncreVY/ClsWuSCiwiodkICUMIFzYh7FibZFBZmGDBGCPB97KOpBmPRi9JDstMUncCrq4+XThxlv6zWeDnz1y24gDrL22eLRVrLTh/nfNRMbMzExWiHwVyNvoMgK8jAQljYACQDyROwIgAkwqreJ34RlIsfiTwAuqUeNxegw4hZoZvf0I+KFriAeRAJcT5/VqnR0XrutQlslBmZ8Z1UXoDgVWyGU24opWXJ0apUq7+Q4IB+tAupLQIOjZZVD1Jf6WBUbzX22ggBtQJkVUxEq3tNvIeLkkTvgdO6UK856gbsAndynj5/G0VmL3inTuzlI/qbDxgRHHtElBFl7h86ZT2JT4lAhOG7ldwDeirxxVdtDkG7R1furi/UOBJbtGZ4fzzjqVw3pOAcZ+KBnVr4W40hbiWLjtb8IrMjevDaTuiEn6CO9EPbM+eOwkPdMHC99YA47dSzzyACy/HytZl+KrQIcL2SMI+1sO6l5I99pq7FgS5Q2sF1HD33dHT74VekGIutKHCLPKx/phmiwfcZquWgVOgDkmPus+N9Jn9kC4Hl2QfSA9wLVtgiRFxKFnBBbQGMB2MjSQoGIrJHMYVaJ2SKrykcOfNUd2t8ICuASIVDgKf1Gh7y/X8mzmj+auRf5dpFdy/Mu4M78jlTjpAEcgFjpcu5FgCHVlEnOnE6/N2ezERMcXM6yOUD9+ACIBQBVG2z/Aa7Jgv3R9muRmzGHnFAnkTb0scBbnGjzIyBrwcNWj/PxKc7nb8TKSNpxPnbWdqsLkXcb41fz/YXaRqE8BIX+GcsY8Te5IHUa6ToVexNAk3pxLo1LxB3CDhhGiPfkhE9tpldAAbsPpFpZtRKuzrZUsdcP4iQi78nJfeyNiA46snpvIXPdere3G8c/Ph+iju4fO7S/O/j1r6r/CjClfggswJ69cyF+kSr6CrlZ0QzRCXLWHmPD/EOvPGcsWPVmpzjjVtHYMfplfkI+zJtrou+IqbOxBbbqIp6MdfOBdyKwEA5FtEUH2CAyAgY2Ml6AL7IB4A/v+3XN0UhN45yt97f69+NIXdlHcm1yH0jZx8oHMo/xE5BRxp+oEPYACcB3aeRY5uH0gUt9SjfpQ/q1X3U/d9I2oWNFwh7N+OBvejenHfB0Lz21pQLRoR6rkY33AThAivvod09I+a5tNxmPfPlP8d8iJwQmQAvo0A++nnFCPmwYW0uXjRFkgrLUnR4BXd5XpF7KEfElKq3elblHpIvxYWwZk55HUGiH9yEd+Hw+lQMY9eWJUlCO+cM76aP6AWoiDB5tAVkLdQ/ZIm7YiiIrJoDVRnhvBEiuRDbIWPO5T5c263/vovsXBhDE2jpZ9VWWdyI4EAjzs5nL52YzXwcYBSypq7poVyMoWj31sXlWO8oGpB/6687cjejbavckIA6wAtyA1Hcvn2f+yHx4mZ60lWtgzz33FpAV3tFAeM0L6Zs+ekH/sJN8UmDcGKETdATwFqqvrepzfRLpbR5qoFvd6X7N6WcHSg5sPrtJZ/2GwNBe5IHyaytp2qn/kB4+G/EgPH+myPZev20xmbpyqfoSWCQzbWhzYdumgVwAShE+L5486J7GTwOgkRKf3rzq3gTIG6PqoQ2eoZsiKxcCrHsZk4uxxNc1LkTpvn6+1314/byIBFErtR0lthAeYMfNQbYKGDciIz+8fZk6POpElWibcaVvkQzq5PsG+Fs0B/9GNAkiEUGBKECGISf+9sffVd+Sj3eQjf4UEfHp7au6LNCxc3TH+HKvvreV6Nnuw+g4gmWt/n774lm3t7UeOc4VqEewkJ3LePKc/lQHJIF6fHzzovvHX//Q/b/+7/+W+vzc7T3YrLa6X1sQF0/S7kdba/kO0WObeObsgHxttg3mm9RTFIUFU++8EVlfp8s38t4FkQ9z3c1q33SRA0gDZITv9IN2i2LYTd3ZcMQGgmUp/eET+fA09XoQ3xpRcT/16KMxtGM79VxNXyArdlMnERfKaqTJahEYIjAQGFv3llP+zchnLt8vFHnyhTwPtjcgFRAUtkbY/7+QiWMpEx2HcGxYRAAgdDUGXi6Fw7l3MOAtoDBOt1X9k0e/zkA5lfsBKIOQA9yiAuYzQczFyZHnYDLA1O+iCGwVERkwYTLOBM8Jsyp99MCXRX7Y+8lpAnzkOuBkAn0Aly0byp7NBAQQGdQmCrktTDDDnPBMRhx3k5KyOfOYcqvw/faEueuZ+NN2ZEmREynDhOKdVqDPDRztrOgjJqwiWTWoqI7cN5VJDEC16q1Nl0fsL2wAGjkBoCE4PGtbBnAuFP12nBOh+u5DCgBzSJR7S7e6nc2VON+LAWuTcTA4I/IQCPu1bSGDcswKqbwVwqrzW4DjcgDRCmB7c6r6y1YM0S2cB4augfa2ys/B6FcHDHQECYDPQAK15waO1Sc5uDxjoAt9B2IrJDSys1LIGbKnyko1xxo4L+CUd/lfeNVOwIAoCH1v64t+0n8AvJBG71eu/lE3BJUy1uNM3V+5U2AdyCerAvb5DbkhykUfAtzKUX8y128cjcpbEOeUPOjk7DWh/zfLiUO2jOc+urO9ca97EUO492irtgZw9E2Ejx6sdY93Y9QCbuhei4KxIjoWJyByGcmYSH/oA1FG6tIm2QCOOCkcTM+RX8uLkvF0xzYI9UVAxAAUsGuOETJmfVVY+1KuTH4rthE0Z04/kg29dL++04fe4TKmkEbaWs50rsuRReU2Sd1ESLS66/OJRhREBlbLlKu/kCTIh7ZdZLQ+RXqsx9FDUADvQLkoD+/WLu/Ubu/1P7IDIemd7e/RAh1txdJ2qesF4JEvuw83KjeF6Barfd6vzxEebApdQhq9efU0DvV2be0Q6WJ1Wv/VqoMV8jivJ+MsG/Mc828/vO7e5ZnKlRAdtdJiVRlAEVlhhdhKvclNWVbgRHAAg0i3tl0jfZX7geQWJm1FOYAx5dPnna3V6P5qOeTANYDWoh8y8aSPERMAn73fFUqfz4vRGcAdUBCaLw8A8KI++sMq1XDGxsWMuZmMMcSMyBoTtUmVzRiJA8x5L1Ihz3pn5aZI3a5Gx9lKoIwDCwAJ+55OH1k5BUprL2/utVLZ71NXzoljBz6HtMd2xu6qJ/IDoENmuKxWCd98uLNebTS2RL3ZCkTnj5fd3hddtZe9OUhjcXIATAShsfx0d6cmYE40UOXiyMsBcS0TopwTohlKhnHEr47RKyvy7GBkGZuBzBI1gtgCYmpl/VIcptw/Fb1YSB+LJLCNQV4gIeX6UNg74uImR5y9SPtF0EzHAbMyJyeBvgFI6ZZVOuHBCAf2D0gsojTgdir6yV6pFwedjleIdpwNTicHETlxKf0AkMtfoq0VrZM+G8y8gBRA4FzK/Hcnc/Dm+nLZNrbbmGQTbdVj98iAftt6ME6njN3MacOZrxBBiAll+UQGWaFD9nH8yM14sb0EuWcMAl2A27T3p/9rG0PaQreMT6CV/FqEyo3aJnLi+IHu7NnjAd5nqk0IpaOH9pXuHzu6rxvIHIccUZ6Ve2AcOUVX6ZJtKKIOtB+JYf9+5T5AUES/zOHG43YcFZEF9p7THf07cOxIrTCyU82GCkOeqK0vwAQnXz8gCoF7c665XvQHkGrLUJET9Dpl6HvlG+f0jLzLZnNUM26ANGNEO4cybkf4RLGn8jiQN9kfF1FyeH9FStCnq7n/QuqAtBiMHIb4HnleP9NNzrVokiKaoxfkS885nMDq2RPHWp6NAHA+C50CsOQYEKXAeS+CJt8DCFb1zKUIc9EmVq2EBN/JmGbr6UARVnwf/0efEHob0bPNjZXodgBmbAKf5nD6kF8ksusKu5W+Ijtj3FxQ0av5nR6XLxQfwZZVf5ubgAt6WpFMae9C7K4IK0AEKDV+EPj6xXP8LIQ3IszWF+CqoopiC9gN/evd7EIfYaVf22JLA27ApVVEQM17+CqIPaTHUvwohJy+5RvUFrrMSerteSAUgEXsWgDQRnMw2fLFEOTykwAdxn0P7OlZG9+NBENIWMziY9FhPqvcQEcPfl1RRXzF8/H76By7xz7oU+UBNcoTWdTApyiZBnL8XyvmAXYWf5CkABV7V4tLQORnMG/VGwhWZgOPFhIbUWeMAD3Cp620epe6kqftBMCheojgYd/972IPNzPnGB+Ic3kebJMQ9fAgIIPc2TjlszM+ASNAF+jUDv3j/0bqnKnyAVWADchfvjNf79Z/2lBkTEC8+oqeMEbZZPOibSbGMJ1Wp3sBNORCVu5HZNQz+WxkxcnSuT7ioJGYVrbvFxD0TvJQH21RD8BZnfmsokjMUYhKv5EtUFhh/Xnmdv53AbDfvn/7uZ1t5RoQRswpz/w1ecl2nCsFgrXRdonKexGAd30q8ruBYBLVulLvd48xjFSwiu5++j6Rsq6OikSbqvfREfaMXRi7GNs9bjusiOfMe9F3fl4jOAIMUyftRkjRY8/73qc6WxUHlJEXbVwM1DU9LtJ7ruyy6Ie+TxE12i+S4XEA8l58gtfPd4tMEDXw6tnj7tO715X3gXw9I5LAGOjJHnJtbb1ev4usoCt8VD69bRG2G/zmO1uIN8semP/NJ3SPv1/1j50RnUhf+20ktnp4BxJSuwF5F/IEmNeO2vaXcshL/9IlRMiHV8+77+Q++OZDbf8ArPuoAeV///Fd6vSpoii0TVSK3+iUi84hKHbW4yttbnZvnj/rPr19XaTIQnT3Tt6FFADMEVzGuEs/eB5B8PrZXuV2+z/+f/9793/8f//37qfvPmT8tIgk5dNb5dE/RABwX1swUraFFvURQfHxzcvu/etnFeWB7HmW9sv10Oe9uJf7ZmKXRdSLmFAPv12LbETci/BgOx5kvPaRDRVtlU91376/3G1HP5WDHPHeva2N7s3Tx0WKeAYhI9rifer6w4e33cfoyJvI9fXTvSIr9pBFecdy+kzuiXuxC+tLd7sNkRMSYg6fl4DQSnbbdiEPxd0YeXkoMMsDJw7GqR2Mwxvltc0g99h6cH8lTsTkWJyMg5lYv47zLHFPJvFcVwLUbfEALO/FQQSg5zL5AfOiDRYzadxhePI/kM/xA7qE6A1kwgRSgZyJAljAF4AuNDQALO8BFoEiAJMhxvZ5Rp4LE5DtCwiKIgbi8Fmpl/AJ2ENWIFpEhUjECbwCmUCviYlDBwiasGtLScrkwNgqIWFY1S33uKZzv8gFxADCRmisZ01KVpuER548ur8mZfU1iQOYJlPvqb8BF85U2lIETNoK0Foh56Ru3l+MUQQcA2ryDjK3wi25peSfuzsiJiTotKf8UOppn6Iw0QCV1AURIixdXgffi/rgXBvw2D8XB1Zb1ZkTrL4manWr++IoA6jICaG/iIK9h5vdu9dPu6d7241MWJZQMYNueb4MBtBn9R2gqOiDowe7M5Eh0oehqRWWOFQce31NzoA0YkGuhN0H6xUBod/ph3eShygKoFjyHds7lCHKwcoHcM45U2fylGdDglO6unbvTt41FwN9qYgSzgwQ+DhlAF2YeuAI8AGcK5mkXAkLNzJJxpDemilCTj8iomy3GbpwMk6ifdEtzI3zUEnvijQYjiNwIrooueBEIwAiR8Bb+8mWc1eESpwpDqM8Ag/Tn88eb5c8AXU6VTqSvtRP2sbh4VQhJyo/TMpzka194J6hRxJ3kaex1SKI4sin7acDRo/bA5s+AX4k4rEagRxA3mkjUols9UV/AQc9OUEXOJk+EREVEp6+4gR7tvKyxHE0AegrZIfJR3sRHQym7RESzAp93YieLwSoLS1kks/3L5/tFkGxkz54kAtYQhAgRYwbY14oIBkatxjiJ4/adhFOFWcZEBBODSzaPw04G5ueoR/KE1mBdEBUMO7leKXO9zKBA7P2l0/mfUKnbT2w+g60AS3HA+yBRGQG8gS51RLmtXBq2zpE4wA6wC+wJKQZkVFbSNKfwKKQe/vX5SYAHEXDIKjIyTizSsYRsffWiqP6IBhESAAhQAUAJUoBiPIdAmQytmI6/YMgAVJ60gHI8nwBraMHCngAl95vvzywRXb+t/IryZioBlsuOIwcRWNTvTjph/d9WU55bSVIn4+PRO7VN6fS3tnu4/uX3W9/+qZ7GOfAyh2w3gNKYamSbFrNJiMyASzGRwMW4mgCEY3UjDOR8S9ywvYMelU5CSIToLwHgrbHuNSTkzsTp2sqjrutEGNxvoB7kRKcbo4HZ/pmJn9l1ApNZIPcsTXnbvqKE+U9VnxFFABxIk6AZ+01fvRZWyUUqYQwGqlVa6vQyB2gFGAXNWEF3iq1MYn4ms1cJF9F2/5xJLb3RHRTxFhLSlfOWNrlfnOCfr4YW618+Q+UIYcMsLuaMUDHmo0wTlouISAN+cjGcPaBqyJi0gZXAZrcS84IJnaiiIyM5yIiDn/dHT2yrzud+cEWkxPHD1WyTNEcvkOqAeN0aChtRXDJ6SPShk0VLVSRBHkvx1C76DNQB7xY9WNbjCHtsJcfYSCh6qkjhypCRbguG4og9TdnrE8mZ3XdPfqD7UPwzcX2i4QCzIuMiRwAafqnfb0d7X0C/9veZ2wNxma7RHW4kC4VbZHfgfcTFipyGbe+13bEi4go2z6GRevls08kSQ/puvFgK4YxWhEqARIAsDGkDWRP14Aj40P7bbUyXuiBcVHkRJ7h92g7cgKw4KibV5CU7JexoF501bal6ovI16q4HDfqZM6/ePZ42e+52ehb7ITLVh8kCT/LXEZf6TLyEpml/8xHLiCbzovI0r/GMP21KoxUEI3BlxDNWRGd8cfMFexxja8AObpg2ySdrC2hqa/+P338SNkAOmrOMd8gkgEKzrzoTSuH9LvyHOWSFNQ7EQE9sWgePhU7p69rBTv9pt7GlGfpVU+oGGvKBDDJ2Oo+G1DEcGRGr80v8uoYL2TAJyQfY/vYkf0VXeJ/87b+KAIgdfZuK7rAsb30VoWBWO3nPwBT9+L4A99C0H3ubMYXCrjybtsO6C+9oC8WRIS2A3nKV08EAz0p0JXfrKR6n7a1SDvRtLG3sVdkr25IBs+4+G4iubTTPKIMOowUABSBUiSBej0OOAU6rcwDhuTtAvYA74ooyTuRcIgNwFCSPJEAwC+Qyv6qt99ED7DrcgMJvfd9JeGMvtkmAjx7t+gOxDEQb96mC3LesJ30BagCIH0P9JIzckIkhWgAwJJM6Y9tDNMZU95thbjeGd1FrPVy9Zs2Ks/4pKeICgC2thtkHkEkWM1G0CAUh86eiX6x43LBXar6fhvg69pavReZXy/QbnW96cN8vUO9AGFAVP0QA20boUj08QLf5GauIceFubnUc67ew56IxEHwuQfoR7ZK3qk9+tx3iCafQLwV8iLF0g8iQAZTb9Eo/hZVwS8sPzBzt5VvhJDnkGaSS/K5ajtC2l5ERvRFDgjPKZdOayPihu7TT32uHO3zPdIA6KbzIkYRPGSLCCAv/2sTDMBfKtIt71d349icgqygiz1Jp30tMsGWmZZYEumnP+k5HUJq9CQXwG/lX36GP/38Y/fnn3+qKAaAHTmwlnIAfoQJcL0TfRdp4Hfv1C59trezlfeR2Xr38snjImy8G4BHItBN+RvkX7AtQgQCwM8Xqd8yxhAz/8u//b37659+LlmKKFq4qY6bJSPl2SKhDHki5vJu7dV+cqGT5GnxWAL7//73v3T/9W9/6r5597IIEPJW/5uxOfORByIBYULfERB9JAUyg31xkaPx1kcGqbOcFPrgTl3x3W/NdWuLqcNKyymhjFcZh7/55kPk+WP3h5++63789L77/sPb7sePb7t3z5/UfYiJhTyPpFiZjw5Fpl98+T/9n7vjB77MRHgihpazeDodO9StMdYZZGeOH+4OfvUv+f1kAWJbIERRLM4zEHHEx1oOilNH92UyEXIXRy0O8cTn/BOz10wmLVwc+HcJOaKkGoeoAK6AiwLqAbHyTgDvvgN8JCl0CgdCAVDlfMji7t3ICY4K8Mq5YKytbk+YPDNBSSJp8r0yKizxZK0UAI/2rIsYEZUgJ4RV6johJBMV0GIiNLG0xJ9tK4gJ1iRkJRCYVm+gVLLJlcW5OLTjcc4GakvK4QO/7o4c/LJOT7CnG2gG+IBU7RxJO5EogFrbftIiSGx1qBXCTAza1AP1hwFwViormgLwSX1vRCZW4oEYoNIpKYgkYfHkh4hwmYiREyI8anUpDpwJFYjvwS4yRNiu1QWXlVSX9jIKj1IHwNrKnTBXzt7W+kozTHs7UXaT090Y5/UMiJ0CilhODj1HQcKj0wHDyC5t1q+cDCCMwdGvToOpyJu0DYC3/QDpcTOTcq38x5HgsBdRkfbs5d1vXj+LfNbi6Ey2NqeP5BtxrxV7LLTtSRurC0UskDNg6j7AHkEi4aHcBgA6MAgQC/fXbroAODzYXg1AizNRujxVesxxo19kTJ5Ij7aaijhre/rlqrD9QMRMy6NxIzJvxAJyhHzJgzNnUqv9lKnT8ycPMpnfS7vIUFhtc87oBgeNDiIjyE3fO1FDX5rE63SD6Mmtuanuyd5WkSwcerpVKz6RE6Lt2CFblFrOA86reyS1HE67bGNSNiMnZwS56NMK343DQi79iRr6Q7+o03zks/doo+qv/6xci6x5nL4SpQIwaS+9Rj7Rbfkg5KIQoXErY1DUhgnNKqo+ATAkS2zbQBB09DbvTR3oNiea84xoAIQ4VcCElWFOM4flvP7O35x2zxuPyCXbbt68ftL99jffdK9ePi6wzxlCwJgEgXhliTiopIsBd5JdCokfR5pGx4VMr0c+VnfcO5T6ADG+B+6EOqsLx1kd59PPIjts9fG/up84am//vnLw/W6LUeWniO7ZegRU2q8NGHG+rZRbfUVqAVMAvTFRpAf9TF8gSYAMv1W4ferRg3hACpGByJKY0T5ml3wF9tIjZMoBjwOEnJBTYjETBvmJOLCybHLn9A2dO9sd2v9lkUB+5whxpMoBjq4IIX/yeKd7/kxuj7sZG7aByVcxWLpTwEcfpr7aghShpxfPnK4EiMaqPpmMA4IsuhsHSOJRusThBj4AN6Rbgafov3Ksyo7EyTx7+mR+A5IQ6xcKdD9LfTghVgyAPVswOOqcLo6Gid72FQ6JlVfggZMtsgDwtW+4RRm0usoxIBO+rSv+LwCc3/otWHQegXApNgeAGc14rkiXgEPfi55hKyXeRGYgkZAVMr2bL+zjty0MeV3jOOXoY9uElCViyVYBJy8gyJRVW0vS93SFPIBGYBkolWcBSK7om8uiEhuZy2YBdQCaOtGdwcxVxzOnIShOnTpc9T+ZOXr/vl/n+lV3JjKvrQvRJzkv/GZ7g+1MCEUn0dCLswENdISj17Y02poAAJ/Je8bbCm30nN4D1O51eoMtQFYeOb3GjOgmIIEzBRSMnD/bHTv4de3nFxrMTgK+TidRHjLP/6IigASg2TxIb/S9MeB9xpJLZIdxYLzxQdw/kPnLFhyEHztSORpSBvtCzvrSHMR2I0UK4Ec/bA0zJkWjnEvdBjLWbGuh6/pGfeiJ/kIakYOxql/UQ93IwN/sD0IDuVj3p3yr4QA0fav7Y7sH06/IRWRcjfmUCVwhYG1zQcba+oCAU2/zoLxiooLoNaKT72Or3Gh8AjYKcC+y8gwyXcRmfMGMc2CHDMmobEd8j749xiM5mRt91pwTHTp5bH8RFGTXoizmylaInpB7gE0wd7fomsgresA2NRtsm6DImbY9swj96ISoOP3s0ofKnsrF1zRH2BJy7NDXVQf1B04qmVzeZawDYYCVcpFe5MVHNaeak411Y9kWCPbDfMcPEAWp31uk2PlOXhLEhGijsg+ps34BEIGiBnivFWCxjxzAtSqOjOLH1gJJbA4iCbhD3tB7gEMd9TXSV2Jh8qLH5E9+iCqgzLuMLTaJXUO4IzaGM07aNgIRD/Fjokt9okYXWZApewfgsof6vGSVtpqLn8svkDFtLK1YPQ1oNFcDj4CgMQWkGZ+SrVY+k9jeIjc+/95A87XI7FLVFxksCgTwdooHX2jJWA9AMu5FBxnjF09F94YudrZ21Da12JSWGLNFuSAMTh0/VHIQVu5EBvPQ6IVzaVN8uAB/IBSY1Q/Ld2xtuF3/89vUWd/bsmiLAx1XVzqufO2je1Xv1Hk9fYJIoDcNLIuKWK7t3sgjpPtigNZagFqRWqkvQudJgLxoCXOnSBLbIABJl/wJ6wG2cj0ApGS2HYAHQJuXrl9NXSI7uiTZ56unj2t1fn1lucrT18YUQo3+ytsgD4f5ka1BuGmLU0b6tqk7GYqeEJmB8Oi3j+jXJ7tb3d5D2xQCajclv5zNnBN7l/L7vBoP0i5Eg/HREmMjEGaLcKn8AwHC5E9GxlZ9n7b5W7tfZi52OghQ7kQS/Sfy4sXj3YpoQBoBrAhsRBciQn0RS1eGgznzTmQJIK+PjBfPW4HXXmPdnNZsftsioqwC6WkjsO09yCXbUf7Ln3/f/c//9W91QsiLvej8mpM9bA251yJFUt9v373u3r14Uu1QJtnVto7c/3Brvfvu4/vu9z/90LbV5B22dmiXLRf6XJsklPQbQsJvjzaDO6KrolO0ReJ/OetEz96/GzsnwiD9LDWAxJJkwg7fSr+qh4gJJ2Ug7MyNvkOwfPv+TW3zkPsBseHZisxKP1SeiehXbZPJ2GKb1BEB8zQyQUj5FKnx6e3LinzwvPdWRFA+kRTtczp1ulVyEgHiEnmxFf18GtmIoPj05mX38c3zyO9V1elt5C3SYid9UFtH0nbbRL74xf/l/9Qd+vJfujPHD3aDciucOxFBD2VACeWay3fH8/t/joE4HGVGBMTxDJhHUgC0QvWE9wHFgJrtDVb42+/IhbEYEUmhrNzKC2FbBTDWQu6sgrZTPIC0TGLKO2X1KA5P7gNCEBOICOUtL8xWvRyliEwAgE0UgE1l/c9EhfBwEoTwe5EE5wfkZjibSf5IHcMpY7Kji7zT97Z0qDPwaNVfUkkRGqIw5NMA+gFR0ROcFav2Ih38XsY8AGcpwM4khcxASBw99FV9yk9hG0w7lrSdhHHDRJdJS1JFoZ4VARLZig5RFzIBAtvRj9cLGNo36T2cxxGrZqnXOHIk8gZWlUu+gCcA7m+rBAPHD2cya0eucmYYYat4JjVtaCQFJ1o0AIeoESWiU/Sr//XTdoDmWmQjkkVYPGeOo4xYoOwYwJ3U8WmAKXLCSgTgXcfncbjjZAPxHEcyq4kwz/er7iZ5OofI4owjF7T3XpwPTHwleEp/AsDIFA4qAsGWDCc5IEv0jzYjr4AWkSIciEruGP0gV30uJ4n2eS+dYXRN1NrtlBIJEBlkg9uqLCMNaAPv6tzInIDW9B298E6RKORb+Rci054c8TfCgNPDQdZ/iC79JSTeJGKSMJG0va0IrKk49PfjBAitFJHTwE2RW4iIyIq+2NrkdyeTcHi8gzOlDOQEskdUy6f3L2v7hHKAbs6osSFUHFFjVV/YNdCrP2zdquP/0lcMOFJCP6uzdhlvcqb0US901e9+swpsW9LTx9u1LWZne7V79vRh92Rvp5xc9SdHq2MSuLmAdmCMYwlgK4/MOUcAj8gEEQi2U1gd0wayYBeswNnGYgVQ20UwcLSs+CjLKhCA1cDtWK18c2T1vb4zdtT122/edC9f7nWL0RP6Q5fob62cxrGmt6JzamV68WYlu0Q+vH75pC6A2YR9Jo4U4G9rENKF82/Vj34iHJAZ6iUHBnJNeRz3A7/+ZdkljqN9tk5faH0S0BYw4V3e6XJ8KcAjikA7gSPOpskTYSiZmS0O9rtrM6eIc29PvLwDk9FLERFAsOgvE7cxZjW5jv8UKp77AXVge1D4chw8J3SIVmmh+APpb477tdiIC3VigbpamS35x2ng1NMdbUQwARYAr997h5AtAIbs5QfYjBEgrQ/pZquAQaCpTp0IkLiWusq54HtECL23RxLhgXBjd4F+gJBjLN+D/eu9U0L37JF9E9vBOeLcc+Y51Zz85mhM1iqC8FcTNqceKKhw6txvjNItDizwgfwQ/cGB1HbONscP4GiA2CkrAbIBOIgYUQ9WtUUd2L7IeQWomq4Nlp4ANgAte1hyjE7VPvjYQEkdb0amEjt6HgADNDiMVvILRMcOAInjKRdh4336H6klLwIiAanA0UdqiHBBohlHiFljG5kuqgCos/0HEaEc2xf6yAlEBBsyErvm7+PxJU7kGh05V+SkLSXCrQ/vCzA9cqjKR3RzoisfSfpYxAGQysExh9E/hIo+tELNqRSafSt6TjaN4LhVzrjxZX+/pIgAMVBYQD76B1gBywggusXO6z9gp7ZJRL+9q04x+UwkmatEcNZCRHQB8JebwZGqQCdbok9FbbDd3lH+TMYmG0fP9bOolv50D4TEmQLvJwvA9u1r5MZIzSvmNHXUJ4Dl9GQjLtgQ+j+ftiJPex1iB9l9q96AmUg4ER3yYBT5mN8RdH6v1cHUjeyMr1oVT1+bj3q7XjnC8hsZ8L9EmFWEI93LONDOItNTNt0WDmzs1ELOZ8LblldEOiKBzhnX/Dp1pdstMrNFoBpP7ACbZ9wA6I49NFaQVmwROwBcWSAgE/1b4z76gpSXV4jc+IHGS5HA5pDotIgA45MvYPsFopM/xN6a58xj9Kofq+7VHgQAe+gdCAnjT5tcxh+fQlSxBR9+RUsa7UjwodIdwFR7AXzRW/Sq30awkDqZK0UgfIiTzmYjUYxftkLEANDNZjcyLf5vQKqoAsCOTSr5nLOdpG11adtLmr1knwBEfSl6aRqgTbt8j+wVGQb4ixwzFtTbWPJeemIuKNImz+gbwJ4+kCvQ9xi4ST2QMc3+819S3zxDhmQHDLrXuypKI+1TJ7qlL8gFeJQgk60FGsmdXrGz5GhrBeJBBN65E8e6oYGBbvhM+u3qeJECy3fny2ZMVfRF21pS0TdH9lc5QKcEh1b/xy5eKNvhyEjjpUUciKqVUFA0i3Evj0c79UJ0inFfORgiN/ez6d5RZBpyJJ/qB6gbF+YgpI65ggz0h7YhcBxXqd/MMXRy4x6iaT51aBEERQBErkChvfjaePGMbUrDkfVKdGW7CIQ+csI2HqBTOe9fveg+vH5ZK/bu0SfIN/JEDtA77zSv6Uf2ii0QJaG/XJ5DFrCl9AzZ5EI2KFcCeuQ4H1XoPn0ZTj9JyOsZRIHnEEDKMid7F33mxwG9fFt1aVEha6XL/iczl2TrToH70+9+7H789n0A6+PPQDq4JzIWbSN6pM8JQm7mihupv3kbwdgifBpRJPJE5MX2/XtVj1rEQpayjelfPrlcCw+DHZ7vtlwIoli8D3GAnPi3f/yt+/1vfuh++vZjgftXT/ZKb90jSeXf//KHOoJTm/gLyCG5JvxvK82ffv4p5fyhEkE+yf8AP2D+2++/6b77+LZkS18QWsA5MuDB+v2M96vd5aHB0lXbZf7yh5Tzl98X2XZzxhakqdpWgVDqowfVybuRE/SIrSmSI/7Z4txstxqd2bm/WkeCfnz9okiBb9696r59+7ratb4SOaev5JiQUPPdC0k196pO/TYMnwiZT9E35ARS0fYwdei3lYh60L9vXzzpfv7xmyIzECoTo8G4ExPd/cU7RXQ4blXUzbepx8+Rx+9++LZ7//xpJcdEUAhc+GL/r/5Td3T/r7rTQPRJTtzJGMSRAjxWMMcCYgaOyeB+IoocQz0B+GRymrRy24w2sGcbAGKhJycQBxJe2oYgKsEKcK3KBqSLegAuKgIh4GJ8FNBvx4MCGrV6H+AEIFhhNnkiCRAJJgMruY92At4CGIX/WZ2zIi10XPIhR6AOxfE6c+JQi+g4a2UQKD1WCS1FejRQ6eSIowVYTRgS0Fip13b7irUN2XAxzyEYADkTVR+9YQULcAfgTFgAD+AJRFfIfpwQAP/Mac9yaloizor2yOQm6sIkZtuFpKROLyHTtgcS0xogkz4Aru0/13aTpXogcBzPCkg20gNb2UJ/G7gn25YgkSOgPtpJprW1o5x3K6DtFA7AnRyBtYruyHfV/s9OEDkvp53qJBLCSjTnpWSX3zYDVjfjxOgTQB7A9C6TBWCgLpwY71AWUA2oyD8ANHunoy93NjLxpJ0IIP3ufYgMIEVfIVR8R+YAMhbfapD6eh9HWvsRBSIL9A/5IT8kUvW/FX+gFtHE4Rc9AfyfOLyv9HBrfan7+PZ5DR6sMKZWHfQvWQP33uFCaPif7Dk7tdL2uQ7+1y/N8WuRFOTFWeNYqVexyJlo7bMT2dKDxYpUWBV9crWID86nvhdxIA+E/CSiDPxuuwl5kgs99E766UIEGC8c07aKq/7GnLB05FsLXQYuABqOazmWwGL6y3hyFKpy5Z6hR9pq24X9bJhdY0aEivJFrRjXyEL1lB8AMWH1lAOOcEL+iMTRRo4vPbBya9LnQDCsJlAr9LLoC2F3dKYImTqaMQ4l8k0CXttq6CGyiR4ZxwACksJKoS0R9JF98B772SU/RVBwguhMreApfycT1EaMbvTGGKstXcYyWaQPnNLxcGetW0q/uX8vbf/huw/d61dPC/ANnOTQx2bFCemTFApr9h4gZZo+p5/Wo+d7j7a63Ufb5WTVis/RQ+WQA+7L0Un5IKy8Su4IUCInHu9tF9GzG/khN5wM4r2cI86cnAKV+HPxdjedPhpJX/QA3kqsHAgiDiTvOx8nmnNrNY5jJNyxOZdC7uXfoR8B3XGCz8cBvphP/cFh9Z0xzfnkSCNHgG2r8sLygUIrbhxfEUmST1q9910bu6l36seJZBPIBwgDxmyzMulyUoUtV2Kv3I+MkfBysi7bVGz5a8e5cUw4Thwyp0ogoG2P6B1LzryJlKPEUUM+I6JlGDf+OGzGnHv+ozPKWbVCxbGq/3NxDou8iMPFKeMkcXYAElsT1J1jx1nzLBlw1KoOqS+nHjEg4gF4PCmxYGw0sIuUALTpI7DlOWH+tQ8/9g4Qk8/kRuxXfyoMIkIfV7LR3A/AIbbICylHtwAE5XivVXQ6o78GMs+qw3qcI1vbJAHuV9KNIzaDrNgvUSOSvgLZRRjGZpyOrK2UA6C2flTCyIyXCxmLZ1I2gkiUSa2Cnz7ZHfz6q+7Ywf1lc1rE13SB59G80/aI2m4SnQBytR0AAND0A+cScJDsUzsBe+PMhYBrUTMnYmcDomJHbCMRGSKPA9CuvshB5COdRagNRo/puggGgN/9FSEjwiMXsss76X2dUnFU4s8WxcMx5qiz3QWOP88pklACyfqhkQzp51o0ECWZ8ZN+Arjb+Gl7nl2iQ/kG5qE6ujTtEHVlPjFGigyJngPqxpFoMCCbftF9dTpyUFSCU87OV78r3/iwfQtYRcAgekUiiIax8GBOMk9apGCrOPr0G8hGGqqDttUqe8pRF5GAzcl3JO6pz/Y3djg+mwgF41nUlSiyC3Qi+tDPk54HnpAcyAlj3Fhne7wbGNUH5O13xIE52Ok6+vnA17/qJC/lR8gfRUfbWEF+WGxK3+R/21ZsTTDeyc7v3k3u2q6v6DWwbGyqg4ghlwUFQMZ3LiQuH4qfax7o5351MMfzdQAsq7eeU38+EbuqjurzJLaew16LZ3nGeK5TpdL3dF49AGZjv3QwbWdXXOyOFVJgruxKdAAQqLwGAZ1kBHz28ipiILJCaNmaiMRjG7XF++gsm1k2LfcYY8iDIidSV3aQHNl5+s9WFymT+0R1sKPAXUVBpC3AOH1D9iEabF9g4+kfXdCvLm30WeHzASjqoEwADdljFZafZ6wgZZC/QPREQPpwwPqlCxdy/7XITf6p+P5zN9IH6pW630DamEcPVh+Y14A+WzgmL4sYQCbfLH0A+oBj22rIHOlAlmSnvWTZExVkYM7znbmhJ65rq0Se1XbyIgttaadoILkQXP6fK3BNZsL2kd1PHmwHTC7XPENmtm3IsWAbiuMp5UEyDkRIAJwiJyoB7jnjc6JW11sUSMvz4W9gXJQFu6Ev1B/Aoy9IIduP6DmAz275pDt9PQH+RsY3AsEFiHveHCeKoxJkXmsRQC35ZpOFS/u12/yHOPGMtutjtts87vsiOzZbJMB/LB/5QQYf3vC7n9R2bSCXvEQKKAdJZ3zqB+2jGwB1/Za+IE/zBpuoLXxIpIvy6b/FEDKobTn5VN+d+AByUTRdmS47ZP62deNPv/up+/bD2xbR8d2n7rv8LapCYsyPAd0SZ/7rn35fJIj39JEKZKht8AMiQDLIR+kjORZepI3fBODbrvL25bPydT1rG0Wf12E+OquPRFz89U+/7f63/+f/6P63//V/dD98fFtt8h7vIGtjW5RERTmkfP6M8VS6kXuREvfmb3cby3e710/2ur+kTf/Lf/t797/+z/+t+7/913/t/vHXP3c/ffMx9XLU6FZta0GkPNqIjq2n3qm7rSO2XtTJKPnt7bO2FcNYR8rZ2rIVmdle4qhSxIM2/vDpfRE9dPrmdGxMxqk6NeJoL7/tdh8io99++6H7/Y/fFvGh/Nqmlj774lxAd7sCdjPRIA1qBeAONvhKrc6PXTzVXQ4IlrwSMSFyAvkAUHMyAC7EBIMPWCMjXLZ2yE+BWJDEsY+AEIlQZEQmNGQIAgTQtlor70APol0mbMAZGLE1gxFj2AEF4Ifxb3kIGrhWfydjaNPASbkrnJudiV5bUneEBIIEUQCcAby1zSN1X4nDB/AqD3AHwutUic/kSctd0RIuSvCHMfd+xsX7gVLAU3i/ic87rBScPL6vTjg5e/pIOR+2niwCH3EMgCDOmnYiJuoTiIlDUKx95GgrgbwJVvWRJX1iTkd+cca9V5ktf0QmnpJHWw1B6JBry9MhTPZYhWvWRJs2eofB3BMgVrREgZj0AV7GAEkB+AFtyjRB96SHultB2NQX6RdgtoiUfHJGagU+fYcYUC8hlxwdK2oScwFdwnj1nS0qIiVMlAXyU3fy8m7ODMcHeQXkCnEG1E2O6kQG2qf/AQ9EB4BMHlYd693RHauBchuoDyfExGtFHCkwFn2YzvPaIOLgbUCnPVstJ0fbioGcEMXB0VHHRnJ83mYQOfofgOf06UORAoiNJrtGGiFeOP3aCzQbb+5RDtkiUuRhaDIEFEUUnYkMWnJBx6Rub9hmEUMY+YmqQaiVE5Gr+ogjGLnTpZ6wUDZ5qvf0eCbG9Kt+HIscOFA3I3f7NmvvcOQ5lzEjn8nbl3uZAFcyeQ+XI6pO5I/tfhKgDOQZO+TrN85W5eDg0ETO8mgI7xbe3+uZRKNyFlToeCYuK/8m7D5plclFuwE34AEBJcqFXpoItWMw43hoME72Z9JkuOzMUI1NERlO+nj94nFtH0FmCccVzoyEAOQRWsLAixRIPQC0p3s7BTa0o2SY8WxMc0ax8qIhrDqK9FDW61dPiizgDAJvAE6tTqbtIhesqgNdi+nLhYXZbnv7XvfmzePu6ZMH0f27eW9znnuArq0Apz3pyA0gC9gUffD82aPuyZOd2kJiewkyQNJPIG7BpJZPuRZEGHh+PH0ASHJwkQ1ICREo9sKLnOCYWLURTsj55dCZHITTcg45TvpAeLvjTV2AkzZpvygU+WSs2AtfrzoBxXEUADFA2DYORBEAXXk/3Ft1lpSy5Rmy8gYM6zeEla1EQpBl6tfXCCmRF2Npi1MuyAN5I0pArggOJ6fAqhYiySkSRfYEBHJkONIcD461C0FpTFSSr1xAMgLCRFsrTHFy1J/c/M2hrlWBcnYcqdaiNTgKnE42ElADEmXx5sQIpawM+7mPk87pEcLpXcCh/AsIFgn0gAp9oRzjsaK60nee0wa6YZwA1nczfnySs+P16IdoAttuJKAE9uknGSOt9CFZIgcqJD+yEFUAcMqLApTbOtSOdBRNZCtjI6TpPDLRHKcfAJbS0/SDxJjmkCJb8/9Q/gd8bTfRNlEUtpsAxBxGBMnp40fTXtF45pOAqrzPkb1jxllkQR8AV3Mah5ZTCfAhbQCOnhTzvO0KCBbkSkVcRR7IK7qBuHEhPI4dth1lf5Fjq7EhEqa6x1hAcNji5BINIiHsQN5dW47yTjZem9lH46Cc8egvHaYvbB5y23wm2Seyx9YPp+5cj8PetoAg5cltMDZu5rO+DFdb6JpVfnMi+zVwXL6owwX82Sa2m79hjmVThf8LOS8SK/L0yXYir5BDoliQJwCud1hp5bTTicnoRq00Z/5AasiFxTfhA7Gl5KqNgIrn5LjQf6KZ6jN9ZN4wD+uf8iHyzp6ccJmf6auxxh4hD0X18B8q54q5J3Wj68aDT0DcBSgD3Va6jQfEke8WAkDtdbcIQYaSd4rO4BOaP9kPOkM+omX1GbsDlPcnTmi3+Y2NMa7oT5sD24kJxgjw5n0AFZDpO/XTR+yQqJz+uEtzIzkYn3JTPDNvPNoqgkI7EUf8jRePY+Mzx3kXv8OcZ97nv9AZdst4AqoBZLYBQCZD33l/D8KAETZO/QCYBnhFGF6v7wBEOkGuAKs5hW5YsOMDmYv5AIgJe8cBPREDbEStgKYeRYpmXOg/Nk4ZfBrzobohZL0XMceuArjKd5UflvvN2wCn58pHSpkArfaRLyApxwCAhyBgg7UB0NEGn0hx+stWvwqIqWMd0y59JdLB0ZxbAUGrS2x5sMBdOQWW8v52egXCwFxGXrWlITqFxLiTuhc5nTFnIVJdybsH59ruU2QIcMn+qMd/JCfoppwWvtMWbXWZF+iC9pgHzA325uu3ngAxh9Dn3S3RAxv1XnImB6viSAbvL9Cd++rzlgXB+KpDF1sOi/EGnpXLBiFaRP4CyLaE2ArrqoSuqR+7TZdE2kyos/k35ZKnOV4derkrD1jWN7Ulgn8iX8a4rTrBe7cdjXmr6uheUSM1B6auzdZcqTYDnVbvK3Ih5dELelCyDajV/2Rgq4etGPoJfgGqbW+QOBt5AbQrvwf75GxMaI9+o6fq7r3VHvYi9lUdjEXbPUTAmEP4GG0Mzde9+pJs+ugS7zLu9asxpy/eiSDI9f718yIjPrx+8U9yAuh+/+p5ndzhO/UzNvQN8C2yoMrNWOQ3OLLT6RXySygbQbX3YCt/iyJZrsSb+tyYsg0GYWJ7i+iDP/78QyXpJDcJXr2jnUKyUQuPbI/TPWAVfi4bV5FY6VuEh+0UCAOLiXJO/PTdx+7Pv/tNXT9+87F7//J5EWP9Fg7bMERZGFeiQbSLztyMDt+7czvtaElHjSMESX9kKcJCGYgSfqRtK9riezJ5+nAnevH5qNTIR/QHIuSnT++KnPiQ9orcIC/Hnn6BcLgMBGYCAb4qlN6q7Jx9ezH2I3Ekcs/VAPSxAONL+R9psRqAtHF/IROEMGvJtVoCywamWgi+6ISL5xyBKQO5DPkS9wHgnLDj3ZkTB4pEuDhwvDt7/HB3JhOe/frAH+NvUsfqM+iAGFCzFAcf0AMCC6TGcQJYTHwmdlERojiUL1rC9g8gSBlAoXdrA+Dsb6RKHYsV0FsOaxw/5AKHANgtsmEKqByp9gh3NFEjJhAkwGULiY6DdlbiNuxkDFEmH0Cp8nEc29cdP/xld+r4gTg7ztmOUcl1OXJCNJjskRTqot3aBTBro7recFrH9QyosfMVEnkyz3CiJK6UF6JFdIwWqCYn4BZYdumbnvBp0QctesSnOqtjW4W42T3ajmFbt9rA4W/h9SZ/yVDJS9SCZzitBUIjc79zXvUN3VnIs8oSOo3E8Zy6AamiQLSNEyrHgFVWYK8H8MAtAFyAKPJvETRHq/595AXwAaBX3aIHnFYrNhUdEvkB56I3Hu2sVb+rRwtPbkcAquuzve0C9IgM7bdiayuE4wGteNAV5Im6iQqQTwSZIbqDDmmziZ/c9JF6aWNN0NFvK1JkRUbGBHmRBbmWjFJ3jlJflnaIYKEb+p+skBN0S59ZxbN3kwNJ5nSDo8PxKSImckQoIUPoMFmSkToZP95RREr6oum9pH0BVJEr3SNTjvPtTNyICUe7cdC12VHDr585iiqTTMppY0JY81i1AXGD/BFV439yMaFjqTnS2ohkqSM7A8j1iTqJHHG/EGwTl4m+mOMYpXJE4ixxvk08ohxq73ieIXP3q4P91bXfPm21ykfuyJ+KFtla7V692KvcFwgRsuCcIRR2tu9X0kArnNpuhVmyzmcx7hxhIJcMRaWIeEHyMPj6g6MGjAnNluhS9ntESB+50/aexwHIff0pGSIfhM3v7NzvXr7MxPZqt3JoWNGczQSLVOCsWm0VwSIRn5VeRIUIDGSH/fOPHm50KyvCWSODvI/j7fuWYLOdTCKZ5cWMiQJ70Ud15Vzb/2rFvJJzRnZWXzlfHASTY3McFitJKYeiJv7cz9HXhrH0BXJCBAZCAMGz92izhVXH/tqGJMJBnzmiyyTvff0JOG0lGCieKuLG1hhRHpI0ciTpAv3Vd1b+rJDbc87e+E0SSqHsVmO1W3SJdqsLx9kzPjno2nvhdOadjBmOvhUwOsUxRUZw9ugyJ9JqWpHdnx3LWgWKk8v54cDQZTrI0ROe64Sitq82Njnt4dwDh8Y3J50jY1WEA4MgAIyAWZO4VSOr38axlWygtFZxLraVLuDAaQ0iuMw1QBDghigpcIW8vReAEtlZFS3HmiMcx7hOKEl5/qd7FUYdx9c92gBUAb3AtvposxU1hJix1ifuZHuNiT5ykT1BPPcAwhhipxATALW5wfgD9GuLUf6WZFXiz8uxMXQHMSV3yXDaKZoAOYKAo5sIPPkZyAnBAvCx6QAGW0IG5gI2lj0FIoFrOoxY0WZtNw7mowM9cUU//KYu3mm7EfJxLr9dSZ3cg1izLUZZLVHpqe5M5hvgtbZh5XnjRc4Yeg1gCB22Mky+9LWiUyIPSWUlCRVKfyPyvZ2+lx+CXeDHsLfI9HKOA1YKgMU+GhuiqZyGIcpQUkiEKfuGmLAgUqv2Z9qR0mwqXeGkc8YBDJFv3u+yXUQUGl0yFsgLOeQ0HOMGGWLLn7xYtp4qt2ScuYBu0BnjxQo0kgyBJQJGf9fCRtood4OFEfOt8Vl5jvIeCQutfgMIgCBCxFYvMjKvFdmX+ruMRQkPva8HGw1MXSmd9505wep5LVakr40J+btEjZovzUHmKfoiKklSOEDI2LBViV3yfiSJ7TCVDyTjtM03gKGku0P1bt9ZSbWCqo/IFwADLMni2IGv6z3Gkk99pK5WmK32vnz6qFbGjWcnOFmp5YeYM4wn7bdAZx4RnYps1BcIW6SXbShlVyIz0VkAQR+ZRQ7+97cLoAIqLdQBdO7zv+Mf6aj/2SVjlT+LxOGbGMO2kQBNwCTQ7jnEhDaps77TL6JOKpdCbOK9WqEVui/8317/Bm49K+fAh3cvWvLy/KZsYJWcSvdSNvvJVqqbZ2q1P7YQMd7P9+RtDvJ+0Uy2+jyPDf3+2w+Zxx/XNkn+ia1NtZWgyABb7rwTWI8uTTZ7pwxzWE8wONnG+9l6cwQd0dfq5f4iDiLjigxJ/a3gA58ANtCqLcYasGc+EY1FP9l0/e9dgKKIEDLyTu/2vHvoWNMzUS4jRSYBmPoUMAfcgE3bTMiiSPP0sdNC6FMRYrGdoiluTLR8HnTAuxAbz/d2igiQ6+DNy6fddwF7InW0hx9mLlSO+svTwLYa43S7j25oZPvNivZBlPAL6IutJyImJGPcXrO9YzH1nKmxoe+0XWQT/dB/+tSKv/nvXYA9GQCbZOxCpgCtQDDZPcpFBr2M1EcfKFs7kRPmTZE2DZxLaPrvJ8vUeImu9+Ok7z8+BUJH/yqzrdY/rvYpW108Y6zTR/UiL4RFG/sz1TaLDC0XxXYB+J546ZPMkr969f1Jbu716f9e5kgKAL6AeT7plUgXeiIy2dhBTCAAgXnvEWmFAJHzwu/0Yzn6Tl5kJ/qgCIoNBMXOPzGPhZ9GhMXGRl62yPxkq8zLJ6lzxkxkqo62qnz8vL3DNhU+vugHWytE55A1eZAhkscpHnczr/ndEbKSZZKrsvSjfiILY1tiTIk25bPQ5j4yyEl6r6JfiJqVtGU37/kx+vrH33zXvU8dlEv3PfcF9thWDZEFLRJgLoM/wPqKox1b0jhG1QkcJgekg1M31l

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Oct 20th, 2:00 PM Oct 20th, 3:00 PM

Photocurable ionized vinylimidazole liquid salt for antibacterial application

Berrien Springs, MI

There has been an increasing demand for antibacterial dental composite as it can prevent the biofilm formation and the adhesion of bacteria after the treatment causing the consequential cavities. Previous study explored the antibacterial activity of the heterogenous mixture of heterocyclic polymer and resin. It showed limitations as the mixture did not show antibacterial activity since the mixture could only contain a small amount of heterocyclic polymer within the resin due to its inconvenience of shaping and low miscibility. To overcome this limitation, this research focused on synthesizing heterocyclic antibacterial monomer liquid salt and curing it with UV light to potentially serve as an antibacterial dental composite.

Vinylimidazole, iodoalkane, and ethyl acetate is used to synthesize vinylimidazole salt. It produced two liquid layers with a clear yellow bottom layer which was extracted and dried. The product was a yellow liquid ionized salt. For curing the ionized salt, the product was stirred with tetra (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (TEGDA) and 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone. The liquid was exposed to UV light and was polymerized.

To test the antibacterial activity, the ionized salt was tested with a disk diffusion test. The bacteria chosen for testing was Streptococcus Mutans (S. Mutans). Antibiotics (ampicillin), vinylimidazolium salt, vinylimidazole, and TEGDA were tested. The zone of inhibition was measured after incubation. It showed a zone of inhibition for ampicillin, vinylimidazolium salt, and TEGDA. However, the starting material, vinylimidazole, did not show any zone of inhibition. It was clearly shown that vinylimidazolium salt and TEGDA had produced a zone of inhibition resulting in the presence of antibacterial activity against S. mutans.